![]() John counted on the army to achieve the goals of his foreign policy, but also to direct his domestic policy. ![]() Being its principal operator, the emperor could shape the political ideology’s character according to the messages he wished to pass on both to his subjects and to the states with which he interacted.If we were to summarize the political ideology of John II Komnenos, we could argue that to a great degree it was based on and shaped by his effort to attribute to the army a role larger than the one it played during the preceding period of 1025-1081. Although it bore certain core characteristics that remained unchanged throughout the course of the Byzantine Empire, it was always possible to adapt political ideology to the needs of an emperor’s times and personality. In order to legitimize and maintain their presence on the throne, Byzantine rulers ought to express the political ideology of Byzantium, otherwise they would be branded as tyrants, as happened for instance to Phokas in the seventh century or to Andronikos I five centuries later. Octavian's power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power and the new title Augustus, effectively marking the end of the Roman Republic.Political ideology constitutes a key element of the identity of the Byzantine Empire and was the means through which the emperors often justified their thoughts, decisions and acts. Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. The 500-year-old republic which preceded it was severely destabilized in a series of civil wars and political conflict, during which Julius Caesar was appointed as perpetual dictator and then assassinated in 44 BC. The city of Rome was the largest city in the world c.100 BC c.400 AD, with Constantinople (New Rome) becoming the largest around 500 AD, and the Empire's populace grew to an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants (roughly 20% of the world's population at the time). Basileia tn Rhmain) was the post-Roman Republic period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterized by government headed by emperors and large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia. The Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Rmnum Classical Latin: Koine and Medieval Greek:, tr. ![]()
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